Description
This paper aims to assess the diverse intellectual traditions that shape Indonesia’s foreign policy since 1945. I argue that Indonesia has an evolving, competing international thoughts that are shaped, largely, by two key sources of identity, namely Indonesia’s history as a postcolonial state, and a geopolitical perception as a middle-power in international politics. These historical and political perceptions have shaped five prominent traditions that shape Indonesia’s international thoughts. First, the nationalist tradition emphasises the importance of anticolonialism, anti-imperialism, and rejection of Western dominance and intervention. Second, the rationalist tradition maintains a pragmatic and careful approach to International Relations and takes seriously Indonesia’s position and capability as a middle power. Third, the traditionalist position embraces culture and religion –particularly Java and Islam—that shapes the beliefs of Indonesia’s leaders. Fourth, the realist traditions emphasise the national interest and the importance of Indonesia’s defence against potential aggressors. Finally, the growing critical tradition, espoused by feminist, left-wing, and liberal activists after Reformasi, emphasises Indonesia’s values as a ‘good international citizens’ and preservation of justice. I reflect on how these five traditions locate Indonesia as an Asian Middle Power in changing international politics since 1945.
