Description
The diversification of mediators in international conflicts is not a new phenomenon. Since the end of the Cold War, a multitude of small and medium-sized states, regional and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO’s), and individuals have increasingly assumed roles as peacemakers. As a result, the field of peace mediation has become ‘crowded’.
A recent development, however, is the emergence of unconventional mediators. Unlike traditional mediators, whose legitimacy is commonly associated with key principles such as impartiality, inclusivity, national ownership, respect for international law and normative frameworks, and the production of high-quality peace agreements, unconventional actors frequently conduct mediation independently of an established mediation framework. Actors such as Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and, more recently, Pakistan illustrate this trend and reflect a broader transformation in the practice of peace mediation.
The research examines why conflicting parties increasingly turn to unconventional peace-makers and explores conditions under which they can facilitate durable mediation outcomes. Methodologically, the paper draws on literature in IR and conflict management. Recently brokered peace initiatives will be used as illustrative examples. The research argues that their appeal stems from their normative flexibility and pragmatism in mediation initiatives, allowing them to adjust the norms underpinning these initiatives rather than adhere to them rigidly.