Description
Throughout World history, domestic groups have appealed to international actors in the process of realising their demands. After the 1990s, the literature on social movements and international relations viewed this interaction to be heavily influenced by the role of globalisation and the translation of norms empowering domestic actors. However, while this literature has mapped out the reasons for successes and failures by focusing on network density, strength and functioning, it has neglected how the international system can shape and restrict the path of the outcome or how campaign strategies can backfire. This paper, by taking the internationalised anti-regime campaign in Venezuela from 2017 to 2019 as a case study, aims to contribute to the literature that explains the outcomes of transnational campaigns. It is specifically investigates how the international opportunity structure that this campaign operates in can constrain or empower the realisation of movement goals. In order to achieve this, the paper explores the framing strategies of the campaign by tracing how frames are transferred from advocacy networks to international institutions, and subsequently the responses leading to a certain the outcome.
